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Azure Key Vault Keys (Java)
Manage cryptographic keys and perform cryptographic operations in Azure Key Vault and Managed HSM.
Installation
<dependency>
<groupId>com.azure</groupId>
<artifactId>azure-security-keyvault-keys</artifactId>
<version>4.9.0</version>
</dependency>
Client Creation
import com.azure.security.keyvault.keys.KeyClient;
import com.azure.security.keyvault.keys.KeyClientBuilder;
import com.azure.security.keyvault.keys.cryptography.CryptographyClient;
import com.azure.security.keyvault.keys.cryptography.CryptographyClientBuilder;
import com.azure.identity.DefaultAzureCredentialBuilder;
// Key management client
KeyClient keyClient = new KeyClientBuilder()
.vaultUrl("https://<vault-name>.vault.azure.net")
.credential(new DefaultAzureCredentialBuilder().build())
.buildClient();
// Async client
KeyAsyncClient keyAsyncClient = new KeyClientBuilder()
.vaultUrl("https://<vault-name>.vault.azure.net")
.credential(new DefaultAzureCredentialBuilder().build())
.buildAsyncClient();
// Cryptography client (for encrypt/decrypt/sign/verify)
CryptographyClient cryptoClient = new CryptographyClientBuilder()
.keyIdentifier("https://<vault-name>.vault.azure.net/keys/<key-name>/<key-version>")
.credential(new DefaultAzureCredentialBuilder().build())
.buildClient();
Key Types
Type Description RSARSA key (2048, 3072, 4096 bits) RSA_HSMRSA key in HSM ECElliptic Curve key EC_HSMElliptic Curve key in HSM OCTSymmetric key (Managed HSM only) OCT_HSMSymmetric key in HSM
Create Keys
Create RSA Key import com.azure.security.keyvault.keys.models.*;
// Simple RSA key
KeyVaultKey rsaKey = keyClient.createRsaKey(new CreateRsaKeyOptions("my-rsa-key")
.setKeySize(2048));
System.out.println("Key name: " + rsaKey.getName());
System.out.println("Key ID: " + rsaKey.getId());
System.out.println("Key type: " + rsaKey.getKeyType());
// RSA key with options
KeyVaultKey rsaKeyWithOptions = keyClient.createRsaKey(new CreateRsaKeyOptions("my-rsa-key-2")
.setKeySize(4096)
.setExpiresOn(OffsetDateTime.now().plusYears(1))
.setNotBefore(OffsetDateTime.now())
.setEnabled(true)
.setKeyOperations(KeyOperation.ENCRYPT, KeyOperation.DECRYPT,
KeyOperation.WRAP_KEY, KeyOperation.UNWRAP_KEY)
.setTags(Map.of("environment", "production")));
// HSM-backed RSA key
KeyVaultKey hsmKey = keyClient.createRsaKey(new CreateRsaKeyOptions("my-hsm-key")
.setKeySize(2048)
.setHardwareProtected(true));
Create EC Key // EC key with P-256 curve
KeyVaultKey ecKey = keyClient.createEcKey(new CreateEcKeyOptions("my-ec-key")
.setCurveName(KeyCurveName.P_256));
// EC key with other curves
KeyVaultKey ecKey384 = keyClient.createEcKey(new CreateEcKeyOptions("my-ec-key-384")
.setCurveName(KeyCurveName.P_384));
KeyVaultKey ecKey521 = keyClient.createEcKey(new CreateEcKeyOptions("my-ec-key-521")
.setCurveName(KeyCurveName.P_521));
// HSM-backed EC key
KeyVaultKey ecHsmKey = keyClient.createEcKey(new CreateEcKeyOptions("my-ec-hsm-key")
.setCurveName(KeyCurveName.P_256)
.setHardwareProtected(true));
Create Symmetric Key (Managed HSM only) KeyVaultKey octKey = keyClient.createOctKey(new CreateOctKeyOptions("my-symmetric-key")
.setKeySize(256)
.setHardwareProtected(true));
Get Key // Get latest version
KeyVaultKey key = keyClient.getKey("my-key");
// Get specific version
KeyVaultKey keyVersion = keyClient.getKey("my-key", "<version-id>");
// Get only key properties (no key material)
KeyProperties keyProps = keyClient.getKey("my-key").getProperties();
Update Key Properties KeyVaultKey key = keyClient.getKey("my-key");
// Update properties
key.getProperties()
.setEnabled(false)
.setExpiresOn(OffsetDateTime.now().plusMonths(6))
.setTags(Map.of("status", "archived"));
KeyVaultKey updatedKey = keyClient.updateKeyProperties(key.getProperties(),
KeyOperation.ENCRYPT, KeyOperation.DECRYPT);
List Keys import com.azure.core.util.paging.PagedIterable;
// List all keys
for (KeyProperties keyProps : keyClient.listPropertiesOfKeys()) {
System.out.println("Key: " + keyProps.getName());
System.out.println(" Enabled: " + keyProps.isEnabled());
System.out.println(" Created: " + keyProps.getCreatedOn());
}
// List key versions
for (KeyProperties version : keyClient.listPropertiesOfKeyVersions("my-key")) {
System.out.println("Version: " + version.getVersion());
System.out.println("Created: " + version.getCreatedOn());
}
Delete Key import com.azure.core.util.polling.SyncPoller;
// Begin delete (soft-delete enabled vaults)
SyncPoller<DeletedKey, Void> deletePoller = keyClient.beginDeleteKey("my-key");
// Wait for deletion
DeletedKey deletedKey = deletePoller.poll().getValue();
System.out.println("Deleted: " + deletedKey.getDeletedOn());
deletePoller.waitForCompletion();
// Purge deleted key (permanent deletion)
keyClient.purgeDeletedKey("my-key");
// Recover deleted key
SyncPoller<KeyVaultKey, Void> recoverPoller = keyClient.beginRecoverDeletedKey("my-key");
recoverPoller.waitForCompletion();
Cryptographic Operations
Encrypt/Decrypt import com.azure.security.keyvault.keys.cryptography.models.*;
CryptographyClient cryptoClient = new CryptographyClientBuilder()
.keyIdentifier("https://<vault>.vault.azure.net/keys/<key-name>")
.credential(new DefaultAzureCredentialBuilder().build())
.buildClient();
byte[] plaintext = "Hello, World!".getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
// Encrypt
EncryptResult encryptResult = cryptoClient.encrypt(EncryptionAlgorithm.RSA_OAEP, plaintext);
byte[] ciphertext = encryptResult.getCipherText();
System.out.println("Ciphertext length: " + ciphertext.length);
// Decrypt
DecryptResult decryptResult = cryptoClient.decrypt(EncryptionAlgorithm.RSA_OAEP, ciphertext);
String decrypted = new String(decryptResult.getPlainText(), StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
System.out.println("Decrypted: " + decrypted);
Sign/Verify import java.security.MessageDigest;
// Create digest of data
byte[] data = "Data to sign".getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
MessageDigest md = MessageDigest.getInstance("SHA-256");
byte[] digest = md.digest(data);
// Sign
SignResult signResult = cryptoClient.sign(SignatureAlgorithm.RS256, digest);
byte[] signature = signResult.getSignature();
// Verify
VerifyResult verifyResult = cryptoClient.verify(SignatureAlgorithm.RS256, digest, signature);
System.out.println("Valid signature: " + verifyResult.isValid());
Wrap/Unwrap Key // Key to wrap (e.g., AES key)
byte[] keyToWrap = new byte[32]; // 256-bit key
new SecureRandom().nextBytes(keyToWrap);
// Wrap
WrapResult wrapResult = cryptoClient.wrapKey(KeyWrapAlgorithm.RSA_OAEP, keyToWrap);
byte[] wrappedKey = wrapResult.getEncryptedKey();
// Unwrap
UnwrapResult unwrapResult = cryptoClient.unwrapKey(KeyWrapAlgorithm.RSA_OAEP, wrappedKey);
byte[] unwrappedKey = unwrapResult.getKey();
Backup and Restore // Backup
byte[] backup = keyClient.backupKey("my-key");
// Save backup to file
Files.write(Paths.get("key-backup.blob"), backup);
// Restore
byte[] backupData = Files.readAllBytes(Paths.get("key-backup.blob"));
KeyVaultKey restoredKey = keyClient.restoreKeyBackup(backupData);
Key Rotation // Rotate to new version
KeyVaultKey rotatedKey = keyClient.rotateKey("my-key");
System.out.println("New version: " + rotatedKey.getProperties().getVersion());
// Set rotation policy
KeyRotationPolicy policy = new KeyRotationPolicy()
.setExpiresIn("P90D") // Expire after 90 days
.setLifetimeActions(Arrays.asList(
new KeyRotationLifetimeAction(KeyRotationPolicyAction.ROTATE)
.setTimeBeforeExpiry("P30D"))); // Rotate 30 days before expiry
keyClient.updateKeyRotationPolicy("my-key", policy);
// Get rotation policy
KeyRotationPolicy currentPolicy = keyClient.getKeyRotationPolicy("my-key");
Import Key import com.azure.security.keyvault.keys.models.ImportKeyOptions;
import com.azure.security.keyvault.keys.models.JsonWebKey;
// Import existing key material
JsonWebKey jsonWebKey = new JsonWebKey()
.setKeyType(KeyType.RSA)
.setN(modulus)
.setE(exponent)
.setD(privateExponent)
// ... other RSA components
;
ImportKeyOptions importOptions = new ImportKeyOptions("imported-key", jsonWebKey)
.setHardwareProtected(false);
KeyVaultKey importedKey = keyClient.importKey(importOptions);
Encryption Algorithms Algorithm Key Type Description RSA1_5RSA RSAES-PKCS1-v1_5 RSA_OAEPRSA RSAES with OAEP (recommended) RSA_OAEP_256RSA RSAES with OAEP using SHA-256 A128GCMOCT AES-GCM 128-bit A256GCMOCT AES-GCM 256-bit A128CBCOCT AES-CBC 128-bit A256CBCOCT AES-CBC 256-bit
Signature Algorithms Algorithm Key Type Hash RS256RSA SHA-256 RS384RSA SHA-384 RS512RSA SHA-512 PS256RSA SHA-256 (PSS) ES256EC P-256 SHA-256 ES384EC P-384 SHA-384 ES512EC P-521 SHA-512
Error Handling import com.azure.core.exception.HttpResponseException;
import com.azure.core.exception.ResourceNotFoundException;
try {
KeyVaultKey key = keyClient.getKey("non-existent-key");
} catch (ResourceNotFoundException e) {
System.out.println("Key not found: " + e.getMessage());
} catch (HttpResponseException e) {
System.out.println("HTTP error " + e.getResponse().getStatusCode());
System.out.println("Message: " + e.getMessage());
}
Environment Variables AZURE_KEYVAULT_URL=https://<vault-name>.vault.azure.net
Best Practices
Use HSM Keys for Production - Set setHardwareProtected(true) for sensitive keys
Enable Soft Delete - Protects against accidental deletion
Key Rotation - Set up automatic rotation policies
Least Privilege - Use separate keys for different operations
Local Crypto When Possible - Use CryptographyClient with local key material to reduce round-trips
Trigger Phrases
"Key Vault keys Java", "cryptographic keys Java"
"encrypt decrypt Java", "sign verify Java"
"RSA key", "EC key", "HSM key"
"key rotation", "wrap unwrap key"
When to Use This skill is applicable to execute the workflow or actions described in the overview.
Limitations
Use this skill only when the task clearly matches the scope described above.
Do not treat the output as a substitute for environment-specific validation, testing, or expert review.
Stop and ask for clarification if required inputs, permissions, safety boundaries, or success criteria are missing.